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HTMLText_0B4B0DC1_11C0_6277_41A4_201A5BB3F7AE.html = Census statistics
In 1831 eight Jewish families with a total of 43 members lived in Osijek.
In 1846 33 families with 175 members were recorded.
In 1857 the Jewish Community has the total of 578 members
In the 1931 census, 2,445 people declared themselves as Jews by religion. The data from the Jewish Community from 1930, however, record a slightly higher number of Jews - 3,020, including members of the Community and their families. In some places, the sources also state that more than 4,000 Jews live in Osijek, which is more than 10% of the population of Osijek. When calculating statistics, it is important to understand that before the Second World War, the inhabitants did not declare themselves by ethnicity and nationality, but only by their mother tongue and religion. This leaves room for different interpretations of who can be counted among the Jews. Is Judaism solely a matter of birth and faith or a matter of personal identity? Most of the Jews of Osijek used Croatian as their mother tongue, some of the children were born in mixed marriages, and there were people who changed their religion during their lives and converted to Christianity. All this may leave doubts about the calculation of statistics, but it does not diminish the importance of the Osijek Jewish community for the development of the city before the Second World War.
In 2011, only 26 people declared themselves Jews in Osijek-Baranja County. The Jewish community of Osijek has about sixty members, but many of them have only one ancestor of Jewish origin.
OSIJEK FACTORIES ESTABLISHED, STIMULATED OR MANAGED BY JEWISH ENTREPRENEURS
They were mostly located in Osijek Lower Town.
In 1879 Josip Krauss (also sometimes Kraus)
opened the First Osijek Roller Mill. It was located on the corner of the south side of today's Jelačić Square and Huttler Street). From 1881 it exported the flour all the way to India in the east and England in the west. It had 60 employees, its own water supply system, industrial railway and power plant.
The greatest contribution to starting sugar production came from the veterinarian Mirko Hermann, one of the founders of the sugar processing factory built in 1906. Very soon it became a very important industry in Osijek with 252 workers after WWI.
Union Steammill Inc. (the largest steammill in Slavonia, 160 workers); Josip Krauss & sons Steammill Inc. in Lower Town (the 2nd largest in Slavonia); Herman Mautner Steammill in New Town; Žiga Schwartz founded the Motor Mill and Ice Factory in 1921
Osijek Leather Factory owned by the Bartolovich family, with 80 workers
The First Croatian-Slavonian Factory of Sugar Products and Chocolate in Osijek in 1907, i.e. The First Osijek Candy and Sugar Factory Kaiser and Stark (name after 1920)
Gustav Krausz founded the Dessert and Chocolate Factory in 1920 (160 workers)
Leopold Adler founded the factory of colours and polish
Samuel Reinitz's Craft workshop for soap production was merged with the world famous company owned by Georg Schicht and thus the SAPONIA chemical industry was established
Samuel Dirnbach opened the first Croatian paper and stationery factory called Mursa Mill
Leo Ravić (Ravizi) built and led Ipoil refinery in Osijek.
In the most prosperous period of this community at the end of the 19th and in the 1st half of the 20th ct. as many as 1/3 of all Osijek intellectuals were Jews, although they made up only about 9% of the total city population.
Menorah in the Franciscan monastery
In 2007, a symbolic Holocaust monument, one meter and a half high, in the shape of a stylized menorah, was erected in the courtyard of the Franciscan monastery in Tvrđa (Fortress). The menorah is a symbol of Judaism, signifying a lamp or candlestick, and is especially important during the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. By erecting a monument to the Holocaust as part of a Catholic building, a symbolic step forward was made in promoting ecumenism, because there are few cases in the world where a symbol of another religious community is placed in a building of one religion
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JEWISH OSIJEK
This virtual tour is based on the Jewish Osijek Memorial Route created by Tomislav Vuković and the research results of the Rediscover project. It includes sites significant for the history of the Jewish community, and most of them are located in the city center. At each of the sites, visitors will be informed about Jewish heritage, but also about specific personal or family stories and destinies related to the Holocaust. The goal is to raise awareness of the significance of the Jewish community for the development and prosperity of Osijek, and also to show that the Holocaust did not only happen in Germany or in Auschwitz, but, unfortunately, also on the streets of our city, in the places we pass by every day. The emphasis is therefore less on architecture and more on human stories.
If you follow this memorial route, you will find out, among other things, why Osijek Jews mostly have surnames that sound German, what is the importance of Jews in the economic development of Osijek and who were prominent Jews such as Lav Mirski, Julius Miskolczy or Slavko Hirsch.
Fifteen localities form a separate unit that can be easily visited on foot as well, and the Upper Town Jewish cemetery is close to the city centre. Lav Mirski Square was chosen for the introductory part, and the Mother and Child monument towards the end, representing a kind of message of hope. Places can, of course, be visited in a different order. The remaining sites are located outside the city center, so it should be noted that access to some of them is not suitable for larger groups or it is not possible to reach them on foot.
INTRODUCTION
The first two Jewish families, with the Hirschl surname, were recorded in Osijek in the middle of the 18th century, during the Habsburg Monarchy. After long periods of discrimination and persecution, their position had slowly begun to improve since the time of Emperor Joseph II (1780-1790). He softened his attitude toward the Jews by passing the Edict of Tolerance. However, the Edict banned documents written in Hebrew and Yiddish at the same time. Therefore, since then Jews had to write all the documents in Latin, German, or Hungarian. Likewise, Jews then had to take new surnames instead of being named after their father or place of birth. Some simply translated earlier surnames, some described their external features, but the result is that Jewish surnames in Croatia since then usually sound like German.
In the middle of the 19th century, after the Hungarian Parliament allowed the Jews to establish factories, crafts and shops, and to buy real estate in free and royal cities, they started to immigrate much more to Osijek. Jews also inhabited the surrounding villages, and their numbers grew steadily until World War II. Almost exclusively Ashkenazi Jews immigrated to Slavonia from different areas of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Most of the Jews of Osijek were engaged in trade and crafts, and from 1880 they became lawyers, doctors, bankers, professors, teachers and industrialists. The influence of the Jews of Osijek was also significant for the launch of some factories, out of which even presently well-known brands on the Croatian market developed. However, contrary to the prejudices that say that all the Jews were rich, the largest number of Jews belonged to the middle class, and also to lower class of clerks, textile and other workers.
In the middle of the 19th century, the Jews founded the first religious school, built a synagogue and received land for a cemetery. The time after the establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1867 was extremely fruitful for the development of the whole city. The railway, the horse-drawn tram were introduced in Osijek at that time, social life developed and members of different nations: Germans, Croats, Hungarians, Serbs and Jews lived peacefully together. It was only when they started school, actually in religious education classes, that the children, who had previously been playing together on the street, began to notice that they were not all of the same faith.
Only a small part of Jewish families in Osijek were Orthodox, but they were aware of their origins and celebrated their holidays. It was the time when the most common language in Osijek was German. The Jews of Osijek also spoke mostly German until the collapse of Austria-Hungary. Later, more and more of them stated Croatian as their mother tongue.
JEWISH OSIJEK
This virtual tour is based on the Jewish Osijek Memorial Route created by Tomislav Vuković and the research results of the Rediscover project. It includes sites significant for the history of the Jewish community, and most of them are located in the city center. At each of the sites, visitors will be informed about Jewish heritage, but also about specific personal or family stories and destinies related to the Holocaust. The goal is to raise awareness of the significance of the Jewish community for the development and prosperity of Osijek, and also to show that the Holocaust did not only happen in Germany or in Auschwitz, but, unfortunately, also on the streets of our city, in the places we pass by every day. The emphasis is therefore less on architecture and more on human stories.
If you follow this memorial route, you will find out, among other things, why Osijek Jews mostly have surnames that sound German, what is the importance of Jews in the economic development of Osijek and who were prominent Jews such as Lav Mirski, Julius Miskolczy or Slavko Hirsch.
Fifteen localities form a separate unit that can be easily visited on foot as well, and the Upper Town Jewish cemetery is close to the city centre. Lav Mirski Square was chosen for the introductory part, and the Mother and Child monument towards the end, representing a kind of message of hope. Places can, of course, be visited in a different order. The remaining sites are located outside the city center, so it should be noted that access to some of them is not suitable for larger groups or it is not possible to reach them on foot.
INTRODUCTION
The first two Jewish families, with the Hirschl surname, were recorded in Osijek in the middle of the 18th century, during the Habsburg Monarchy. After long periods of discrimination and persecution, their position had slowly begun to improve since the time of Emperor Joseph II (1780-1790). He softened his attitude toward the Jews by passing the Edict of Tolerance. However, the Edict banned documents written in Hebrew and Yiddish at the same time. Therefore, since then Jews had to write all the documents in Latin, German, or Hungarian. Likewise, Jews then had to take new surnames instead of being named after their father or place of birth. Some simply translated earlier surnames, some described their external features, but the result is that Jewish surnames in Croatia since then usually sound like German.
In the middle of the 19th century, after the Hungarian Parliament allowed the Jews to establish factories, crafts and shops, and to buy real estate in free and royal cities, they started to immigrate much more to Osijek. Jews also inhabited the surrounding villages, and their numbers grew steadily until World War II. Almost exclusively Ashkenazi Jews immigrated to Slavonia from different areas of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Most of the Jews of Osijek were engaged in trade and crafts, and from 1880 they became lawyers, doctors, bankers, professors, teachers and industrialists. The influence of the Jews of Osijek was also significant for the launch of some factories, out of which even presently well-known brands on the Croatian market developed. However, contrary to the prejudices that say that all the Jews were rich, the largest number of Jews belonged to the middle class, and also to lower class of clerks, textile and other workers.
In the middle of the 19th century, the Jews founded the first religious school, built a synagogue and received land for a cemetery. The time after the establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1867 was extremely fruitful for the development of the whole city. The railway, the horse-drawn tram were introduced in Osijek at that time, social life developed and members of different nations: Germans, Croats, Hungarians, Serbs and Jews lived peacefully together. It was only when they started school, actually in religious education classes, that the children, who had previously been playing together on the street, began to notice that they were not all of the same faith.
Only a small part of Jewish families in Osijek were Orthodox, but they were aware of their origins and celebrated their holidays. It was the time when the most common language in Osijek was German. The Jews of Osijek also spoke mostly German until the collapse of Austria-Hungary. Later, more and more of them stated Croatian as their mother tongue.
Census statistics
In 1831 eight Jewish families with a total of 43 members lived in Osijek.
In 1846 33 families with 175 members were recorded.
In 1857 the Jewish Community has the total of 578 members
In the 1931 census, 2,445 people declared themselves as Jews by religion. The data from the Jewish Community from 1930, however, record a slightly higher number of Jews - 3,020, including members of the Community and their families. In some places, the sources also state that more than 4,000 Jews live in Osijek, which is more than 10% of the population of Osijek. When calculating statistics, it is important to understand that before the Second World War, the inhabitants did not declare themselves by ethnicity and nationality, but only by their mother tongue and religion. This leaves room for different interpretations of who can be counted among the Jews. Is Judaism solely a matter of birth and faith or a matter of personal identity? Most of the Jews of Osijek used Croatian as their mother tongue, some of the children were born in mixed marriages, and there were people who changed their religion during their lives and converted to Christianity. All this may leave doubts about the calculation of statistics, but it does not diminish the importance of the Osijek Jewish community for the development of the city before the Second World War.
In 2011, only 26 people declared themselves Jews in Osijek-Baranja County. The Jewish community of Osijek has about sixty members, but many of them have only one ancestor of Jewish origin.
OSIJEK FACTORIES ESTABLISHED, STIMULATED OR MANAGED BY JEWISH ENTREPRENEURS
They were mostly located in Osijek Lower Town.
In 1879 Josip Krauss (also sometimes Kraus)
opened the First Osijek Roller Mill. It was located on the corner of the south side of today's Jelačić Square and Huttler Street). From 1881 it exported the flour all the way to India in the east and England in the west. It had 60 employees, its own water supply system, industrial railway and power plant.
The greatest contribution to starting sugar production came from the veterinarian Mirko Hermann, one of the founders of the sugar processing factory built in 1906. Very soon it became a very important industry in Osijek with 252 workers after WWI.
Union Steammill Inc. (the largest steammill in Slavonia, 160 workers); Josip Krauss & sons Steammill Inc. in Lower Town (the 2nd largest in Slavonia); Herman Mautner Steammill in New Town; Žiga Schwartz founded the Motor Mill and Ice Factory in 1921
Osijek Leather Factory owned by the Bartolovich family, with 80 workers
The First Croatian-Slavonian Factory of Sugar Products and Chocolate in Osijek in 1907, i.e. The First Osijek Candy and Sugar Factory Kaiser and Stark (name after 1920)
Gustav Krausz founded the Dessert and Chocolate Factory in 1920 (160 workers)
Leopold Adler founded the factory of colours and polish
Samuel Reinitz's Craft workshop for soap production was merged with the world famous company owned by Georg Schicht and thus the SAPONIA chemical industry was established
Samuel Dirnbach opened the first Croatian paper and stationery factory called Mursa Mill
Leo Ravić (Ravizi) built and led Ipoil refinery in Osijek.
In the most prosperous period of this community at the end of the 19th and in the 1st half of the 20th ct. as many as 1/3 of all Osijek intellectuals were Jews, although they made up only about 9% of the total city population.
Menorah in the Franciscan monastery
In 2007, a symbolic Holocaust monument, one meter and a half high, in the shape of a stylized menorah, was erected in the courtyard of the Franciscan monastery in Tvrđa (Fortress). The menorah is a symbol of Judaism, signifying a lamp or candlestick, and is especially important during the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. By erecting a monument to the Holocaust as part of a Catholic building, a symbolic step forward was made in promoting ecumenism, because there are few cases in the world where a symbol of another religious community is placed in a building of one religion